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History and social life



 
 
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Old November 1st, 2009, 08:16 AM posted to rec.travel.asia
Quoc Huy
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Posts: 7
Default History and social life

The population of the Lào Cai province is a mosaic of ethnic groups.
An incredible variety of peoples, some of them unique to Vietnam, are
found on a relatively small area.

In fact, visitors can meet 24 ethnic groups, each with its own
language, culture and traditions. This cultural wealth is explained by
the diversity of landscapes and of land available for farming. History
also offers clues as to why the highlands in the Lào Cai province
served as a refuge for certain ethnic groups during political unrest
like the Taiping rebellion in 19th-century China.

The seven most numerous ethnic groups in the Lào Cai province account
for over 90% of the whole population. The following groups are found:
the Kinh (the true Vietnamese) 35%, the Hmong 22%, the Tay 14%, the
Dao (Mien) 13%, the Thai 9%, the Nung 4.5% and the Giay 4.3%. The
other ethnic groups: the Phula, Hani, Latis, Tu Di, Pin Tao, Tu Lao,
Pa Di, Sapho, Lolo and the Xa Mang are sometimes represented only by a
few villages and a few hundred individuals

The Hmong

The Hmong, known for centuries in China by the name of Miao, used to
be called the Méo in Southeast Asia. Numbering about three million,
they are scattered over a vast territory stretching from south-west
China (2 million) to north Vietnam (600,000), Laos (about 250,000),
Thailand (150,000) and Myanmar (formerly Burma) (about 30,000).

The main subgroups present in Vietnam are the White Hmong, the Hmong
Leng, Hmong Pua, Hmong Shi or Sheu and the black Hmong. In Sa Pa, the
Hmong Leng are the most numerous, some Hmong Sheu and Hmong Pe women –
with their colourful skirts and double-breasted tops – come from the
Muong Khuong district.

Originally, the Chinese hmong populations used to live in the wide
plains south of the Yangtse river. As of the 16th century, they
started to migrate to the south-east under the demographic,
territorial and political pressure of the Chinese. During the first
half of the 19th century, the Hmong left the Chinese territory and
settled in neighbouring countries. At the time, the great Taiping
rebellion (1850-1872) was disturbing all southern China (Guizhou,
Yunnan and Sichuan provinces) causing long periods of famine that
pushed numerous ethnic groups to go south. The Hmong entered the Indo-
Chinese peninsula through North Vietnam, their presence near Lai Chau
was reported in 1848. These successive waves of migration were
probably facilitated by the hmong tradition of shifting cultivation
and their close contacts with the Chinese caravaneers who had been
travelling for centuries through the mountains of southern Asia.

Today, the traditional agrarian economy is still based on family farms
raising pigs, chickens, buffaloes and horses, on food crops (rice,
corn, manioc) and cash crops (cardamom and vegetables).

The traditional social organisation of the Hmong is based on the clan.
Each clan is made of lineages, all the members of which acknowledge a
common founding male ancestor. In the Hmong household, up to four
different generations may be gathered under the same roof. The
household is the most important economic, political and ritual unit.
The villages perched on the mountain slopes house several clans.

Easily recognisable by their costume, the Sa Pa Hmong Leng – who do
not call themselves Black Hmongs – still wear hemp clothes dyed with
natural (black-blue) indigo. The women wear stiff indigo-blue turbans
over their hair gathered into a bun. Nowadays, they hardly ever wear
their batik or embroidered pleated skirts, replaced with short indigo
pants. Only the collar, sleeves and belt are embroidered with
geometric patterns in silk. The White Hmong women from the Bat Xat
district wear long black pants, fairly short-waisted double-breasted
jackets, and cover their hair with colourful head scarves. The Hmong
Pua, Hmong Pe and Hmong Sheu women from the Bac Ha district wear
similar batik skirts with an embroidered band. They are distinguished
by the decorative patterns and shape of their aprons.

The Dao

The Dao, known as the Man or Yao in south-west China for centuries,
also number a few tens of thousands in Laos, Thailand and Myanmar
(formerly Burma).

The Dao-Mien settled in Vietnam two to three centuries ago, depending
on the area. One of the Dao's specific cultural features is their
traditional writing system using Chinese characters. Preserved texts
make it possible to trace their origins back to the provinces of south
China. Their taoist religion is also based on texts. For major taoist
ceremonies, the ritual space must be surrounded with painted pictures
of the divinities and celestial generals. As a consequence, the art of
painting on paper and canvas survives among the Dao. Like the Hmong,
the Dao build terraced paddy-fields irrigated by a sophisticated
system of canals around Sa Pa. They also have a reputation for pig and
horse breeding.

The different Dao groups from the Lao Cai province usually wear red
headdresses or red pieces of clothing. The Dao (Ké Mien) from the
Taphin and Tavan villages (Sa Pa district) wear flat headdresses,
totally red, hung with silver coins. The headdresses of the Dao (Ké
Mien) from Muong Hum district (north of Sa Pa) are cone-shaped and
made of red flowery material. The Bac Ha (Ké Moun) Dao enhance their
turbans with red and pink wool or silk threads. The headdresses of the
Dao (Iu Mien) from Van Ban district – south of Sa Pa – are decorated
with red and yellow pompoms, and hang low down their backs.

The Tày

The Tày grow rice in paddy fields, preferably in the plains and in the
valleys. The villages consist of wooden or bamboo stilt houses and are
often built in the immediate vicinity of a stream or a river. The
household is the basic economic unit and tends to be a nuclear family
limited to close relatives.

The Tày, Giay, Numg and Thai women wear brightly-coloured jackets, –
pink, green, or blue – double-breasted, often with contrasting braid
at the collar. The tartan headscarf covers their hair gathered into a
bun. Traditionally, each group used to have their own style of bun,
held up with long silver needles, but the custom is vanishing.

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